【霞姐GMAT】语法-比较结构

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导语

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比较结构是GMAT考试中一个非常高频的知识点，这一篇我们还是力求细致，从下面几个考点来分析比较结构。

比较结构的搭配

more...than...

一提到比较结构的搭配，你想到的可能就是 more ...than ... 和 as ... as ... 了。首先我们来测试一下你的掌握程度：

Molistudy is more effective compared with XDF.

和XDF相比，Molistudy更高效。上面这个句子有语法错误吗？

请稍作思考。

答案是：这个句子是错误的，正确搭配应该是

Molistudy is more effective than XDF.

这是因为，“more”本身已经包含比较的意思，无需再和表比较的词汇搭配使用，直接和than搭配即可。

所以，你只需记住一个结论：

more 在比较结构中只和than 搭配出现，其余搭配都错误。

因此，在实际的考试中，你会看到以下几种常见的错误搭配：

more …as
more …instead of
more …rather than
more …compared with /to
more …in comparison to

这时，我们再把这个问题拓展一下，如果我这样表达，

Molistudy is different compared with XDF.

这个句子正确吗？

道理是一样的，different 已经暗示了比较的意思，不能再和表比较的词汇搭配，所以这个句子错误。正确的表达应该是Molistudy is different from XDF. different和from搭配才是正确的。

at least as ...as = as ...as ...or more ...than

你看到这个等式可能会疑惑，为什么有这样的对等？

at least as ...as = as ...as ...or more ...than

我们会发现，等号左边所表达的意思是“不小于”，而等号右边所表达的意思是等于或大于，即：

不小于=等于 or 大于

关于这个考点，错误选项的设置方式一般有两种：

1. 将at least和more搭配在一起。

从逻辑上想，”至少更多／大”这种表达就是错误的，所以at least ....more ....这种结构必错。只要在选项中看到at least和more搭配在一起的，可直接排除。

2. 省略了 at least as ...as = as ...as ...or more ...than 中等号右边的第二个as

出题人在设置错误选项的时候，会故意地使用as…or more…than, 将第二个as省略掉。

例如：at least as great as＝as great as or greater than，而错误选项会是as great or greater than。

所以，遇到这种结构，你要提高警惕，句中的as一定要出现两次，省略掉一个的必错。

学以致用1

Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow coastal waters , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether they be archaeologist , treasure hunter , or sport diver.

A. than in shallow coastal waters , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether they be

B. than in shallow coastal waters , where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether

C. as opposed to shallow waters along the coast , where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear , including

D. instead of in shallow waters along the coast , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , including an

E. instead of shallow coastal waters , because it exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether

首先，我们就能看到比较结构的搭配问题

A. than in shallow coastal waters , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether they be

B. than in shallow coastal waters , where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether

C. as opposed to shallow waters along the coast , where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear , including

D. instead of in shallow waters along the coast , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , including an

E. instead of shallow coastal waters , because it exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether

思维标签

比较结构的搭配

解决方案

more只和than搭配使用。

结论

CDE错误

A. than in shallow coastal waters , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether they be

B. than in shallow coastal waters , where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether

思维标签

引导词

解决方案

本题which指代costal waters，作从句主语不合逻辑。

结论

A错，选B

当然，利用代词的知识点，我们也可以发现A选项的问题

A. than in shallow coastal waters , which exposes archaeological remains to turbulence and makes them accessible to anyone in scuba gear , whether they be

思维标签

代词

解决方案

they不可以指代anyone，单复数不对。

结论

选项A错

Just as ...so ...

这个搭配一般出现的形式为，Just as A do, so B do.

Just as 所在从句和so 所在主句的主语要求形式对称，即：A和B形式对称。

此外，你还需要记住一个结论：

在GMAT中，just as 必须和 so 搭配使用。不可以和like等其他表“像”的词汇搭配。

学以致用2

Just as reading Samuel Pepys's diary gives a student a sense of the seventeenth century — of its texture and psyche — so listening to Jane Freed's guileless child narrator takes the operagoer inside turn - of - the - century Vienna.

A. so listening to Jane Freed's guileless child narrator takes the operagoer

B. Jane Freed's guileless child narrator takes the operagoer to her opera

思维标签

比较结构搭配

解决方案

just as表比较的时候如果作为考点，必须和so搭配。

结论

选A

比较结构的省略

在正常的比较结构中，如果省略部分成分不影响读者对句子含义的理解，就可以省略。但介词短语并列时，介词不可以省略。

例如：
more in fiction than in drama （正确）
不可以写成
more in fiction than drama （错误）

Like & As

Like和as两个词，在含义上没有太大的差异，但是语法上差异巨大，它们的考查场景比较多元化。

霞姐在这里带大家梳理关于like和as的所有考点场景。

首先，从词性上来讲，like 属于“介词”

所以：like + n √
like + SVO ×

面对like＋n的情况，下一步则是考虑比较对象要对等。例如like+n出现在主谓宾的结构中，一般会是以下几种情况：

Like + n, SVO . n 和S 比较对象要对等
S, like + n, VO. n 和S 比较对象要对等
SVO, like + n. n 和S 比较对象要对等

以上的三种情况下，like＋n都是修饰主语S的。

SVO like + n. n 和O 比较对象要对等

如果让like＋n就近修饰某个名词，可以直接跟在名词后即可。

接着，我们来看as，从词性上看，as属于“连词”，引导从句。

所以：as + svo √
as + n ×

as＋SVO分两种情况：

as + 一般句式（有独立主谓结构）

例如，

Owning a villa is dream of Tom , as it is of Jerry .
as 接一般句式，如果要正确，要求主从句主语要相等。所以该句中的高亮部分要完全对等。

但是，主从句主语相等这个要求非常苛刻，很多时候由于表达的需要，你希望两个主语是不同的。所以，上面这个句式的条件在大部分情况下都无法满足。这时，如果你还想继续用as引导的从句来表达，则可以使用万能句式。

as + 万能句式（有固定主谓结构）

as is /was／would be the case with sb

请注意，在GMAT考试中，万能句式的出现往往是正确的，因为这部分内容很单一，通常不会设置考点。

讲了这么多，如果你仍然云里雾里，不妨记住这个结论：

在比较结构的考题中，往往会在选项里混杂like和as。在这时，万能句式往往不出现，可一旦出现，几乎一定正确。因为万能句式可以解决很多like和as无法解决的问题。

学以致用3

Losing weight is very urgent for Yangfan , as it is for Yueren.

A. as it is for Yueren

B. like that of Yueren

思维标签

as，like表像

解决方案

本题考查表"像"应该使用 like 还是 as，like表"像"是介词，后面不能接完整的句子，as表"像"后面接句子，而且要求主从句主语一致。B选项that无法指代losing weight，错误。

结论

选A

学以致用4

Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.

A. Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting

B. Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands into a red giant and eventually ejects

C. As in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, it will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting

D. As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant and will eventually eject

E. As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject

这个例子综合考察了like和as在表“像”时我们提到的考点。

Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.

A. Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting

B. Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands into a red giant and eventually ejects

C. As in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, it will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting

D. As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant and will eventually eject

E. As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject

思维标签

like，as表“像”

解决方案

like后面只能接n.结构，as后面只能接SVO结构。

结论

选项AC错误

Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.

B. Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands into a red giant and eventually ejects

D. As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant and will eventually eject

E. As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject

思维标签

as，like表“像”时前后对等

解决方案

like+n.，SVO时，n.和S要对等，B选项不对等。对于as+SVO的情形，同样要求对等，D选项也不对等。E选项使用的是万能句式。

结论

BD错误，选E。

倍数比较句型

我们不妨用twice来举例倍数，倍数twice，和more than以及as…as是否都可以搭配呢？

twice more ... than ... √ （多两倍）
twice as ... as ... √ （两倍）

举个例子

Tom eats twice more than Jerry.

这一句讲：Tom吃的比Jerry多两倍。
Tom eats twice as much as Jerry.

这一句讲：Tom吃Jerry两倍那么多。

学以致用5

Today , because of improvements in agricultural technology , the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

A. double the apples that it has

B. twice as many apples as it did

C. as much as twice the apples it has

D. two times as many apples as there were

E. a doubling of the apples that it did

这道题前者的考点比较多，我们通过思维标签来一步步看。

Today , because of improvements in agricultural technology , the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

A. double the apples that it has

B. twice as many apples as it did

C. as much as twice the apples it has

D. two times as many apples as there were

E. a doubling of the apples that it did

思维标签

动词

解决方案

double只能当作动词来用，本题已经有动词。

结论

A选项错误

Today , because of improvements in agricultural technology , the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

A. double the apples that it has

B. twice as many apples as it did

C. as much as twice the apples it has

D. two times as many apples as there were

E. a doubling of the apples that it did

思维标签

宾语

解决方案

a doubling of在把doubling当作名词用做produce的宾语，但是produce的宾语应该为apples。

结论

选项E错误

Today , because of improvements in agricultural technology , the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

A. double the apples that it has

B. twice as many apples as it did

C. as much as twice the apples it has

D. two times as many apples as there were

E. a doubling of the apples that it did

思维标签

时态

解决方案

in 1910是一般过去时间标志词，所以使用has一般现在时态错误。

结论

AC错误

Today , because of improvements in agricultural technology , the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

A. double the apples that it has

B. twice as many apples as it did

C. as much as twice the apples it has

D. two times as many apples as there were

E. a doubling of the apples that it did

思维标签

比较结构

解决方案

apples是可数名词，比较多少用as many as，而不是as much as。同时比较对象要对等，there be结构必须和它的比较对象对等，但是D不对等。

结论

CD错误，选B

数字比较句型

提到数字，大家的第一感觉，就是1和2这样纯粹的数字。那么我的问题是，像20cm这样带单位的形式，算不算数字呢？60kg又算不算数字呢？

有人会回答，20cm，是长度。但在语法中，长度是length，20cm就是用数字来衡量长度的。所以，数字不管带上任何单位，都改变不了它是数字的本质。

与倍数的搭配问题相似，数字是否可以和more than以及as…as这样的比较结构搭配使用呢？

20cm more ... than ... √
20cm as ... as ... ×

举个例子

Yaoming is 30cm taller than Kobe Bryant. （YM比KB高30cm）
Yaoming is 30cm as tall as Kobe Bryant. （YM和KB一样高都30cm）

你会发现，当数字的比较使用as…as时，会出现根本的逻辑错误。所以

数字和as …as 的搭配一定错误。

学以致用6

Carbon - 14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2 , 000 years as old as any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.

A. as old as any of their supposed

B. older than any of their supposed

思维标签

比较结构

解决方案

本题考查比较结构as…as和more…than在前面出现数字时如何分辨使用。数字代表有差异，有差异就不一样，所以数字只和差异比较结构搭配使用。

结论

选B

助动词

首先，我们来看看什么是助动词，
Lucy is more beautiful than Lily is.（这里的is 就属于助动词“补出”。）

其实这个例子特别明显，两个名词比较，直接比较就好了，干嘛要补出助动词呢？

在习惯的表达上，我们当然不会补出这个助动词，但至少你可以明白：

如果需要补出助动词，只有和主语作比较的名词才有资格补出助动词。

助动词-必须补出

那么，为什么有时候我们要补出助动词呢？我们不妨看看下面这个例子：

Sherlock loves Watson more than Moriarty.

看到这句话的时候，很多人会迷茫，因为这句话可能是两种意思：

1. 夏洛克爱莫里亚蒂，但夏洛克更爱华生。

2. 莫里亚蒂爱华生，但夏洛克更爱华生。

实际上，这句话的正确含义应该是1.

可同时，我们就会有一种需求，如果我们希望表达2中的意思，如何向读者传递出这样的信息呢？补出助动词就是一种非常洋气的解决方式。

Sherlock loves Watson more than Moriarty does.

Sherlock loves Watson more than does Moriarty.

这里霞姐写了两个句子，大家发现区别就是补出的助动词放在名词Moriarty前面还是后面，这两种助动词补出情况在语法上等价，没有区分，都正确。因此，只要你补充了助动词，无论是在前还是在后，都将完全改变原文的逻辑意思。（但是补在前面和补在后面的两个句子，在意义和逻辑上都是完全一样的）

助动词－可补可不补

例如

Sherlock eats much more than Watson.

这里Watson只能和主语Sherlock比较，没有其他情况，也不会产生误解。这种情况就属于可以补出，也可以不补的情况。即以下三个句子都是等价的：

Sherlock eats much more than Watson.

Sherlock eats much more than Watson does.

Sherlock eats much more than does Watson.

比较结构－一定不能补

我们再看一个句子
Sherlock eats more apples than bananas .

如果要补出，变为
Tom eats more apples than bananas do.
Tom eats more apples than do bananas.

这种情况当然是错误的。

理由我们在前面已经提到了，这里再重复一次：

只有和主语比较的名词才有资格补出助动词

上面句子中的bananas并不能和主语比较，而是和宾语apples比较的，所以一定不可以补出助动词。因此，这属于“一定不能补”的情况。

学以致用7

In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910 - 1911.

A. did its return in 1910 - 1911

B. had its 1910 - 1911 return

C. in its return of 1910 - 1911

D. its return of 1910 - 1911 did

E. its return in 1910 - 1911

这道题比较全面的考察了比较结构里的知识点。

In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910 - 1911.

A. did its return in 1910 - 1911

B. had its 1910 - 1911 return

C. in its return of 1910 - 1911

D. its return of 1910 - 1911 did

E. its return in 1910 - 1911

思维标签

助动词

解决方案

助动词补出: 只有和主语比较的名词才有资格补出助动词。而its return 和Halley's Comet没有可比性。

结论

ABD错

In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910 - 1911.

C. in its return of 1910 - 1911

E. its return in 1910 - 1911

思维标签

比较结构

解决方案

比较结构中，介词不可以省略

结论

选C

形容词与副词的比较结构

我们通过以下两个例子，来看一下比较结构中形容词和副词的使用区分

The yield is expected to increase more than it did last year.

The yield is expected to be higher than it was last year.

这里一定要注意的两个地方：

1. more和higher的区别，就是形容词和副词的区别。这时候，究竟使用more，还是使用higher，重点要看修饰的对象是谁——第一个句子修饰对象是实义动词increase，所以使用副词more，第二个句子修饰对象是系动词be，使用形容词higher。

2. 关于助动词补出，使用did还是was，关键看句子的谓语是实义动词还是系动词。第一个句子核心动词increase是实义动词，所以补出do，但因为last year是一般过去式，为遵守本身时间，使用did即可；第二个句子的核心动词是be为系动词，补出be，但是此处last year是一般过去式，为遵守本身时间，同时it为单数，使用单数形式was。

学以致用8

Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September , slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.

A. less than they did

B. less than it did

C. less than they were

D. lower than

E. lower than they were

思维标签解析：

Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September , slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.

A. less than they did

B. less than it did

C. less than they were

D. lower than

E. lower than they were

思维标签

修饰语

解决方案

此处需要修饰的是动词rose，所以应该使用副词而不是形容词，lower than错误。

结论

选项DE错误

Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September , slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.

A. less than they did

B. less than it did

C. less than they were

D. lower than

E. lower than they were

思维标签

助动词

解决方案

补出助动词的时候，一定要根据前面的谓语来决定补出何种类型助动词，本题前面的谓语为实义动词，所以不能补出 be 动词。

结论

CE错误

Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September , slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.

A. less than they did

B. less than it did

C. less than they were

D. lower than

E. lower than they were

思维标签

代词

解决方案

本题中，代词试图指代名词costs，而costs为复数名词，所以应该使用代词they。

结论

B错，选A

数字比较

关于数字的比较，只有大小，所以只能使用more 或者less。

例如：

60kg is less than 80kg

如果你用中式英文的逻辑写成

60kg is lighter than 80kg” .

肯定就是错误的了。

本篇结语

本篇篇幅较长，涉及到的知识点较多，这是因为比较结构确实是SC考查的重中之重。霞姐写本篇的时候，想尽量系统化比较结构这一块的知识，但由于知识体系本身零散，最后还是变成了若干个独立的知识点。

所以，霞姐希望你能通过更多针对性的题目来练习比较结构的各个考点，练就一种熟悉题目的本能。

霞姐GMAT是啥？

“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人，原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。

“霞姐GMAT”是一本书，它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经，但它无微不至，试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料，只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。

“霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法，通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条，但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快，最轻松的道路。

谁是霞姐？

张海霞，江湖人称“霞姐”。

从北大学霸到新东方名师，从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程，强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录；三个月玩虐考研跨考，从北航考入北大，“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨，风趣幽默，自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了，我语法肯定可以全对”。

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