GMAT繁杂世界，关注一个就够了 导语“对于问题解决型的文章，原文会先给出一个问题，然后在后文中给出回答；或是对应的指出一个困难或任务，在后文会给出解决方案。 对于这种类型的文章，判定一般的标志为：情况1: 首段出现设问句：这种情况往往属于前文给出一个问题，后面给出回答的状况。情况2: 第二段的首句出现了不定式。这种情况属于困难或任务在第一段没有被提问，而只是被陈述，在第二段段首会通过不定式引出解决方案。 无论是以上的哪种情况，也无论是问题回答，还是难题或者任务的解决，都会在首段出现以下套路词汇帮助我们更加确定这种文章类型：problem，question，task，difficulty，criteria，challenge，requirement 主旨句：文中给出的正确解决方法就是主旨句。 行文套路和阅读重点：problem（question）➡ solution（answer）➡ attitude 整个问题解决型文章的文章套路就是：作者会在文章开头提出问题，困难或任务，然后研究不同的解决方案，直到作者比较支持的解决方案出现。在作者比较支持的解决方案出来之前，作者对于其他的方案一般都是负面评价，或者负面偏多正面偏少的评价。 真题看完了以上很“干”的基础知识，我们还是用老办法，通过一道真题来理解这类文章究竟是怎样的套路。 和之前的不同，这篇文章相对较短，所以按照【霞姐GMAT】扫盲篇里提到的框架阅读，你只有45秒完成这篇文章的框架阅读。 打开你的手机计时器吧，计时开始！Research data indicate that there is a great deal of poverty in the United States among single-parent families headed by women. This problem could result from the fact that women's wages are only 60 percent of men's. Some economists believe that rigorous enforcement of existing equal pay laws would substantially decrease this wage inequity. But equal pay laws are ineffectual when women and men are concentrated in different occupations because such laws require only that women and men doing the same jobs be paid the same. Since gender concentration exists (for example, 80 percent of clerical workers are women), other economists argue that a comparable worth standard, which would mandate that women and men in any jobs that require comparable training and responsibility be paid the same, should be applied instead. But some policy analysts assert that, although comparable worth would virtually equalize male and female wages, many single-parent families headed by women would remain in poverty because many men earn wages that are below the poverty line. These policy analysts believe that the problem is not caused primarily by wage inequity but rather by low wages coupled with single parenthood, regardless of sex. As a solution, they challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. 怎么样？是不是觉得今天的文章大不相同？在过去，你可能习惯了按照“自然段”的方式去整理文章的框架，而这篇文章，它只有一段，就是一个大板块。 很多同学看到这样大片的长文会非常的慌张，刚开始试图一目十行，但似乎扫进大脑里的东西在3秒之后又完全抛之脑后，没有任何的印象。 如果你觉得读分成多段的长文，整理框架速度尚且可以；而一碰到这样的大块的文章就发懵时，往往是因为，你虽然已经擅长于处理“段与段之间的逻辑关系”，但并不会快速处理一段中“句子与句子”的逻辑关系。 下面，霞姐就将以这篇文章为例，带大家一起处理句子与句子之间的关系。 第一句Research data indicate that there is a great deal of poverty in the United States among single-parent families headed by women. 由Research data indicate that 基本可以判断第一句话讲述了一个事实。如霞姐在扫盲篇所讲，你可以先忽略细节。 第二句This problem could result from the fact that women's wages are only 60 percent of men's. This problem逻辑词，逆向指代第一句话，表明第一句话讲述的是一个“问题”，所以我们“不得不详读了：there is a great deal of poverty in the United States among single-parent families headed by women，此处基本可以确定本篇文章为“问题解决型”文章。而问题解决型文章接下来将要针对问题给出的解决方案。 第三句Some economists believe that rigorous enforcement of existing equal pay laws would substantially decrease this wage inequity. Some economists believe that由整个关键字可以猜测，这里给出了第一个解决方案。 第四句But equal pay laws are ineffectual when women and men are concentrated in different occupations because such laws require only that women and men doing the same jobs be paid the same. But，对第三句进行否定，表明对于第三句给出的第一个方案，作者已经出现了负面评价，负面评价之后，将会有第二个解决方案出现了。 第五句Since gender concentration exists (for example, 80 percent of clerical workers are women), other economists argue that a comparable worth standard, which would mandate that women and men in any jobs that require comparable training and responsibility be paid the same, should be applied instead. 本句since为原因状语从句，主句是：other economists argue that可见这里给出了第二种解决方案。 第六句But some policy analysts assert that, although comparable worth would virtually equalize male and female wages, many single-parent families headed by women would remain in poverty because many men earn wages that are below the poverty line. But，对第五句进行转折, 即对于第二种解决方案也出现了负面评价。如果对于第二种方案还是负面评价，基本可以确定后面还要给出第三种解决方案。 some policy analysts是but之后的细节内容，支持为什么反对第二种方案。 第七句These policy analysts believe that the problem is not caused primarily by wage inequity but rather by low wages coupled with single parenthood, regardless of sex. These policy analysts believe that 和上一句逻辑一致的阐述，属于对于上句内容的进一步阐述。 第八句As a solution, they challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low.As a solution 表明最终给出了作者支持的解决方案，即正确的解决方案，正确的解决方案是文章的主旨。 主旨句一定要详读：they challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. challenge的部分是转折前的部分，可以略过，最终可见真正的解决方案是：urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. 框架根据上部分霞姐对这篇文章的解读，我们可以得出这篇文章的框架。 1problem提出问题2解决方案1Some economists believe that... 3attitudebut之后给出负评价 4解决方案2名词放在句首做主语。 5attitudebut之后给出负评价 6解决方案3：正评价，最终方案主旨句：urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. 解题梳理完框架后，我们来看这篇文章对应的题目。和原来一样，你可以再浏览一次文章：Research data indicate that there is a great deal of poverty in the United States among single-parent families headed by women. This problem could result from the fact that women's wages are only 60 percent of men's. Some economists believe that rigorous enforcement of existing equal pay laws would substantially decrease this wage inequity. But equal pay laws are ineffectual when women and men are concentrated in different occupations because such laws require only that women and men doing the same jobs be paid the same. Since gender concentration exists (for example, 80 percent of clerical workers are women), other economists argue that a comparable worth standard, which would mandate that women and men in any jobs that require comparable training and responsibility be paid the same, should be applied instead. But some policy（原文默认高亮，出题处） analysts assert that, although comparable worth would virtually equalize male and female wages, many single-parent families headed by women would remain in poverty because many men earn wages that are below the poverty line. These policy analysts believe that the problem is not caused primarily by wage inequity but rather by low wages coupled with single parenthood, regardless of sex. As a solution, they challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. 第一题1. The passage suggests that the United States government's policy towards providing wage supplements to parents whose wages are low isA. considered ill advised by most economists who have studied the issueB. based on assumptions about the appropriate sources of family incomeC. under revision in response to criticism from some policy analystsD. capable of eliminating wage inequality but not of raising incomes for both women and menE. applicable to single-parent families headed by women but not to single-parent families headed by men1定位段落和信息句通过题干关键字providing wage supplements to parents whose wages are low会发现本题的问题针对的是本文的正确解决方案，基本确定本题属于主旨题。所以定位句为最后一句：As a solution, they challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. 2分析最后一句，我们发现正确解决方案建立的前提并没有直接给出，而是侧面强调challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages（挑战政府“一个家庭的收入仅仅只依赖工资”的假设），所以这是一道主旨句的细节题。 3比对选项对比选项，选择B选项 第二题2. Which of the following is most clearly an example of the policy advocated by the policy analysts mentioned in highlight text?A. A government provides training to women who wish to move out of occupations in which women are concentrated.B. A government supports research that analyzes the connection between wage inequality and poverty among single-parent families headed by women.C. A government surveys wages annually to make certain that women and men in the same jobs receive the same pay.D. A government analyzes jobs in terms of the education and responsibility they require and publishes a list of jobs that should be considered equivalent for wage purposes.E. A government provides large rent subsidies to single parents whose wages are less than half the average worker's wage. 1锁定段落和信息句根据题干关键字the policy analysts直接锁定信息句。会发现定位部分从文章框架把握已经进入引出本文正确解决方案的部分，前面都属于给予正确方案一些支持。some policy analysts assert that, although comparable worth would virtually equalize male and female wages, many single-parent families headed by women would remain in poverty because many men earn wages that are below the poverty line. 2分析关键字example of the policy表明本文的问题是：policy analysts所支持的政策的一个例子，这里还是在问，本文最终给出的正确解决方案是什么。根据原文我们知道原文最后一句给出了policy analysts所支持的解决方案：urge the government to provide generous wage supplements (child and housing allowances) to single parents whose wages are low. 3比对选项如果选项描述的是类似于child and housing allowances即可选择。选项E正确。 评注这道题属于一道较难的阅读题，因为它在逻辑层面比一般题目拐了更多的弯。首先，你要知道高亮部分的policy analysts是接在第二个but（否定解决方案2）之后的对象，而否定完解决方案2之后，就只剩下解决方案3了，而解决方案3就是主旨句。题干的本身又要你给出一个“例子”。因此，最后这道题就变相的在问，能否给出一个验证主旨句的例子？ 第三题3. According to the passage, some economists believe that, in the United States, there would be smaller differences between the wages of women and men who do the same jobs ifA. equal pay laws were enforced more fullyB. more stringent equal pay laws were passedC. a more rigorous comparable worth standard were developed and appliedD. more men entered the occupations in which women are concentratedE. women received the same kind and amount of job training that men receive1锁定段落 根据题干关键字some economists believe that, 和文章的阅读框架，我们很快定位到第三句话，也就是本文的第一个解决方案处：Some economists believe that rigorous enforcement of existing equal pay laws would substantially decrease this wage inequity.2锁定信息句由关键字if可见，这里问的是第一个解决方案认为自己可以解决问题所建立的前提是什么。由定位句可以得出正确答案是：rigorous enforcement of existing equal pay laws3比对选项选项A属于同意转换，正确。 结语学习完这篇文章，【霞姐GMAT】的阅读篇也算完成了一大部分。这篇文章难度一般，讲解的题目数量也不多。但也许焦虑的你还是会存在很多问题，例如以下： （1） 对于这篇文章，我也是在一句一句读，为什么我就是无法达到你要求的很快的浏览速度呢？ 霞姐的回答是：早在我的【霞姐GMAT】阅读扫盲篇中已经提过，所谓框架阅读，最重要的关键点就是“忽略细节”。所以霞姐在阅读时基本只看逻辑词，以及句子的主要对象（有时候注意的是宾语，但是这篇文章我注意的是主语，因为主语可以有效的区分不同观点） （2） 可能你会继续问霞姐：虽然你强调了“忽略细节”，但有时候你又会详读文章的一些细节，而有时候需要定位信息句读细节的时候你又会略读一部分细节，你是通过什么方式判定“详读”和“略读”呢？ 霞姐的回答：这就是一个通过阅读反复训练的经验性问题了。例如我在前文所提到，这篇文章，我对每一句话，大部分只关注句子的主语，是因为，我觉得对于这篇文章，最重要的就是要分清几种“solution”，方便以后通过题目回归到信息句；而对于这一篇，句子的主语正好代表了不同的派对，就是区分“solution”一种最简单的方式。 又例如，当我看到第二句This problem有反向指代时，我会去回看第一句。因为对于这样一篇篇幅不长的文章，两句都同时在解释一个问题时，又是开头的两句，往往要稍微引起注意了。 再例如，我在读主旨句时，会略掉they challenge the government's assumption that a family's income should depend primarily on wages and的内容，因为经验性让我知道这个部分只是“承上或转折前”，而关键的内容在“启下”的部分。 （3）所以，以上两个问题就延伸到，在我们近期的微信学习小组（在公众号的“魔范营”菜单中可免费报名参加）中，有同学会问：霞姐，在训练阅读的过程中，我除了照着你的方法去做OG，PREP和GWD的题目，还需要做其它什么吗？事实上，你还能做的事情还有很多：A. 霞姐在【霞姐GMAT】中提供了一些方法和提示，但学习是一个“抽象到具体”的过程。你不可能在任何一个思维节点都想的和霞姐一模一样，很多时候，你要不断优化自己的思维节点，甚至想的比霞姐给出的更直接，简单。霞姐只是抛砖引玉，写出一个大众都能阅读的思维路径，给你一套学习方法。最适合你的思考模式，一定是你在经验中不断去优化的。 B. 阅读的前期切忌大量的刷题，很多人自认为“吃透”了一篇阅读，但其实并没有。 霞姐看来，OG和PREP的题目最接近GMAC老头的命题思路，故而价值最高。要吃透这些阅读题，你可能要读到一种“吐血”的状态。所以我认为“吃透”的境界有三层： 浅层：你认为你对文章滚瓜烂熟了，但其实只是你熟悉了其中的内容，很多人都停留在这个层面。（对文章的中文意思非常熟悉），但这种了解，和你把文章全文翻译一遍，然后咬字答题没有区别。 里层： 你对文章类型和框架的判断已经不拘泥于文章细节性的内容，而是你明显感觉你看到一半你甚至能猜测后续的故事。同时，你对细节的把控开始有了“需要注意”和“不需要注意”的本能判断。 深层：你的思考延伸到了命题角度。你读框架，读细节，仔细去推敲GMAC的老头为什么要这样出题，对于不同框架类型的文章常见的题目都是出在哪里。那时你已经完全消除对陌生的恐惧感。 达到浅层，你只需要在一篇文章上化固定的时间做翻译（半小时左右）； 达到中层，你可能要研读文章主要的长难句，不断的回顾逻辑词出现的规律，然后将其和之前做过的“同类型”文章放到一起，进行类比，然后总结经验和套路；（一小时左右） 达到深层，你可能要透过现象看本质，做命题人的角度去思考，这样的篇章，应该设置怎样的考点；然后把你的想法和真题的题目作一定对比，从差距里总结为什么真题关注的某些点，是你一开始并没有觉得重要的。（一个半小时左右） 所以，研习一道阅读题是非常费时的。但请相信，这个时间一定值得，当你把每个类型的文章，按照霞姐所说的方法，进行了三篇以上的研习之后，再看到同类的文章，一定会有质的飞跃。 霞姐GMAT是啥？“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人，原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书，它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经，但它无微不至，试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料，只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法，通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条，但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快，最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐？张海霞，江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师，从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程，强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录； 三个月玩虐考研跨考，从北航考入北大，“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨，风趣幽默，自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了，我语法肯定可以全对”。