GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“现象解释型的文章,一般会在文章的开始给出一个让人疑惑或费解的现象,然后在后文中解释这一现象。 判定标志在首段给出现象时,一般会伴随着以下词汇:phenomenon,explain/interpret,explanation,interpretation,fact 主旨句这类文章的主旨句往往不出现在首段,文章在提出现象后,后文的解释往往不止一种,作者会去分析每个解释的正反面,给出正评价的解释一般就是文章的主旨。(但是,有时候你也可以说这类文章的主旨,就是在通过列举几个不同的例子或理论,来解释某一特殊现象,即这类文章的框架本质) 因此,在阅读此类文章中,你应该带着这样的“套路”感来阅读:phenomenon ➡ explanation➡ attitude 即,在【霞姐GMAT】阅读扫盲篇中强调的“一分钟内”,你要自问自答三个问题:(1) 这篇文章讲的是什么现象?(2) 作者从哪几个方面解释了现象?(3) 对每个解释的态度如何?(正评价还是负评价) 这类文章也往往有着下述鲜明特点:作者在提出带有疑惑性的问题后,会从多方面进行解释,直到最后,作者才会表达出自己比较支持的观点或解释。而在作者支持的解释出来之前,作者对于其他的解释一般都是负面评价,或是负面远多于正面的评价。 真题下面,我们还是通过一道真题来看看现象解释型这种文章的套路。 熟悉文章的框架,你只有一分钟的时间。计时开始!Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory — the density-independent view — asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.
A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent — that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.
A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic," argues that organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne? Edwards’s theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies. 如果你一直坚持在读【霞姐GMAT】的阅读篇,并在平时的练习中一直在“强迫”自己进行框架化的阅读方法,希望你在这段时间已经有了一定提高。至少在60秒内,你能更有目标性的去获取与文章框架相关的信息。接下来,我们一起来看这篇阅读的文章框架究竟遵循着怎样的一种套路。 第一段Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy. 第一段:本段落两句话,第一句话给出了一个现象:Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial.,其中,although表达了这个现象是一个非正常现象。第二句话讲述科学家给出了三个理论来解释这个现象。明确确定本文为“现象解释型”文章。 第二段The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory — the density-independent view — asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region. 给出第一个理论,The first theory是一个标志词,每个句子之间逻辑一致,所以全段落都在讲述theory1。所以从第一段的后半部分 periodic climatic catastrophes,你可以确定这是本段所讲述的内容。当然,如果的阅读速度够快,你会特别注意破折号处,最后一句话this theory部分对于theory1的同位语是:the density-independent view。 第三段A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent — that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding. 这里给出theory 2的内容 A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent。发现theory2的内容就是对theory 1的否定,可见作者对于theory1属于负面评价。本段落内部句子之间逻辑关系基本一致,但是注意最后一句出现One challenge是一个明显的态度词汇,之后给出theory 2的缺陷。表明作者对于thoery 2属于负面评价。 第四段A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic," argues that organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne Edwards’s theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.给出theory 3的内容,proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic," argues that organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays然而,这一段出现了However,该转折词结合has been challenged,表明作者对theory 3仍然在给出负评价(虽然不是完全的负评价)。 可是,文章在这里戛然而止了。文章并没有等到作者给出完整的正面评价。 难道是霞姐之前说的现象解释型文章的行文套路在这里都无效了吗? 之所以出现这样的情况,是因为,在这篇文章里,命题人故意把它弄成了残缺状态,使得全文的逻辑并不完整 —— GMAC的老头们在下一盘很大的棋,他们将会在文后的问题中考察一种非常特殊的题型:“逻辑续写题”。即,问题会问,作者在后面还应该写些什么呢? 这时,你只需根据霞姐所讲的正常行文逻辑,补充后文的内容就可以了。 框架根据上面梳理的信息,本文的框架为:1第一段-提出现象给出现象“Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial.”,并且提出3个理论进行解释。2第二段-理论1给出理论1“The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes”3第三段-理论2否定掉了理论1, 提出理论2“A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent”,最后One challenge对于理论2给出负评价。4第四段-理论3提出理论3“organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays”, 最后However,给理论3给出了负评价文章结束,但是文章脉络不完整,因此高度怀疑会有逻辑续写题。 解题梳理完文章框架后,我们再来看这篇文章对应的题目。首先,你可以再浏览和熟悉一遍文章。Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory — the density-independent view — asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.
A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent — that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.
A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic," argues that organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne Edwards’s theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies. 第一题1. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. argue against those scientists who maintain that animal populations tend to fluctuateB. compare and contrast the density-dependent and epideictic theories of population controlC. provide examples of some of the ways in which animals exercise reproductive restraint to control their own numbersD. suggest that theories of population control that concentrate on the social behavior of animals are more open to debate than are theories that do notE. summarize a number of scientific theories that attempt to explain why animal populations do not exceed certain limits1定位段落与信息句根据primary purpose of the passage可见本题问这篇文章的主要目的。从第一段就知道本篇文章核心:Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy。2分析-逆向指代在这个句子里this relative constancy逆向指代“Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial.”所以本文的目的是提出3个理论来解释一个现象:the fluctuations of numbers of animals in a given region, over long periods, are trivial。 3比对选项选项E为我们分析中的同义句转换,为正确答案。 第二题2. It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the density-dependent theory of population control have not yet been able toA. use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life cyclesB. reproduce the results of the study of Christian and DavisC. explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the population’s rate of growth decreasesD. make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowdingE. demonstrate how predator populations are themselves regulated1锁定段落由关键字the density-dependent theory定位到theory2这个段落。2锁定信息句结合细节关键字have not yet been able to可见是讲theory 2所不能做到的,立刻定位到第二段最后一句:One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding. 转换定位句:challenge is to allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding。3比对选项结合选项选择出符合要求的选项,D正确。 第三题3. Which of the following, if true, would best support the density-dependent theory of population control as it is described in the passage?A. As the number of foxes in Minnesota decreases, the growth rate of this population of foxes begins to increase.B. As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont decreases, the growth rate of this population of woodpeckers also begins to decrease.C. As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma increases, the growth rate of this population of prairie dogs also begins to increase.D. After the number of beavers in Tennessee decreases, the number of predators of these beavers begins to increase.E. After the number of eagles in Montana decreases, the food supply of this population of eagles also begins to decrease.1锁定段落根据核心关键字the density-dependent theory定位到theory 2“ A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent — that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases.”,第二段。2锁定信息句根据would best support可见本题为加强题,要求选项可以加强theory2。 化简定位句A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent — that is,the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases.” 3比对选项观察一下选项的特征,都是一些实际的“举例”,从而可以断定,正确的选项就是一个印证the rate of growth of a population in a region decreasesasthe number of animals increases.描述的例子。正确答案为A选项。 第四题4. According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is described in the passage, epideictic behavior displays serve the function ofA. determining roosting aggregationsB. locating foodC. attracting predatorsD. regulating sexual activityE. triggering hormonal changes1锁定段落和信息句看到核心定位词Wynne-Edwards theory,结合文章框架把握,可直接定位到theory 3。第三段第一句“A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic," argues that organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint.”2分析由细节关键字epideictic behavior displays serve the function 定位到第一句的后半句。 such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint.”so that是总结性短语,其后会出现重要的总结信息exercise reproductive restraint.3比对选项可见这里真正最终起到的作用是“exercise reproductive restraint.”结合选项选择正确答案,D选项正确。 要注意A选项是信息句中such as里内容,只是方式,而题干问的是in the function of,表目的,故信息应出现在同样表目的的so that之后。 第五题5. The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwards theory by several studies is regarded by the author withA. complete indifferenceB. qualified acceptanceC. skeptical amusementD. perplexed astonishmentE. agitated dismay1锁定段落 根据核心关键字Wynne-Edwards theory定位到theory 3,第四段。2锁定信息句根据The challenge posed定位到第三段however之后。However, Wynne-Edwards’s theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.3比对选项由regarded by the author可见在问作者对于这个挑战的态度是“with some justification”。可见作者属于有保留的赞同。B正确。 第六题6. Which of the following statements would provide the most logical continuation of the final paragraph of the passage?A. Thus Wynne-Edwards’s theory raises serious questions about the constancy of animal population in a region.B. Because Wynne-Edwards’s theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory, epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted.C. The results of one study, for instance, have suggested that group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density.D. Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic and complex code of social behavior that can regulate population size.E. One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size.1锁定段落和信息句定位到the final paragraph,结合关键字provide the most logical continuation表明这里要求对最后一段进行续写。A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic," argues that organisms have evolved a "code" in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards’s theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.2分析with some justification可见最后作者对于 Wynne-Edwards’s theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged,给出了负评价。因此,后文正常的逻辑要在一定程度上否定这个理论的核心: social behavior and population control. 3比对选项根据上面的分析,我们要选一个反 social behavior and population control的选项。A. Thus Wynne-Edwards’s theory raises serious questions about the constancy of animal population in a region. 是一个递进式的结论,并没有反对。 B. Because Wynne-Edwards’s theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory, epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted.完全正面的评价,不符合转折后的逻辑。 C. The results of one study, for instance, have suggested that group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density.相当于给出了一个理论3的反例,该选项为正确答案。 D. Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic and complex code of social behavior that can regulate population size.进一步阐述理论3,没有负评价。 E. One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size.属于对理论3里举例的一个无关信息的续写,与理论3本质并无联系。 结语本篇,霞姐用了一个比较特殊的例子(文章需要续写)向大家介绍了现象解释型这一框架套路的文章。这类文章的最惯用的套路就是:提出观点 ➡ 对观点进行若干个解释(但作者不看好) ➡ 对观点进行一个最终解释(作者赞同)。你会发现,在这种框架下的文章,GMAC的老头们往往更倾向于给出更多与文章框架相关的考题。因此,清晰的整理出这篇文章的框架要点,并把握作者对每一个要点的态度,对最后的解题至关重要。 手机上的阅读篇幅有限,霞姐在所有阅读篇章的讲解中也最多只能使用一至两篇阅读作为例子。如果你想通过更多的习题验证霞姐的阅读方法,也通过“思维标签”和“文章框架梳理”去提高GMAT阅读能力,欢迎访问我创立的魔力学院官方网站www.molistudy.com。我们在平台里收录了大量的OG,PREP,GWD真题。更酷炫的是,霞姐团队里的小伙伴们(特别鸣谢产品经理,交互和界面设计师和技术大牛们)解决了重重难题,终于设计出一套让霞姐非常满意的阅读学习系统。在平台上,你将能够获取与干货中所讲方法的无缝对接训练。😃 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录; 三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。