GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“所谓句子完整性,就是指一个句子在最基础的成分上没有残缺。再简单一点说,就是一个句子必须要有主语和谓语。 很多人以为GMAT语法考句子架构是一种杂乱无章的考查,有时句子故意没有主语,或是没有宾语,以及加上一堆复杂的修饰语让句子本身的样子模糊。但霞姐想说的是,GMAC老头是有自己的原则的,他们的命题“准则”不允许他们去杂乱无章地“造假”。所以,在句子完整性这一块,你始终只需要关注一个要点:句子到底有没有谓语! 这时,你可能会说,那这不是太简单了吗,am,is,are,do,have,make这些我还分不清吗?然而,在做题时,大脑面临着大量知识点的调用,那时候你反而最容易忽略去检验谓语在句子中作为必要成分的存在。GMAC命题时最惯用的伎俩,就是拿着长得像谓语,但又不能做谓语的内容考查我们,其中最常见的形态就是doing和done。中学时代,我们就一直称doing和done这种形式为“非谓语动词”,这是一个非常好的思维定式,因为非谓语动词的字面意思就明白的告诉我们,这一类词或短语是不能单独做谓语的。 举个例子Agony Aunt Xia and President Xi having dinner together to make an agreement of molistudy learning platform.这个句子当然是错误的。因为having是非谓语动词,不可以做谓语。你会发现,当句子成分不断复杂时(实际考试你可能会面临多个从句的叠加),你甚至会错觉地认为上文中的“make”已经充当了谓语的成分。 正确的应该是:Agony Aunt Xia and President Xi are having dinner together to make an agreement of molistudy learning platform. 上面的例子是使用的“doing”来迷惑你对谓语动词的判断,其实这只是一种很“低级”的手段。因为,大部分人对-ing形式的敏感度是很高的,且不说具体分析句子架构,单是从视觉上看到一个孤零零的doing形式单词出现在主语后面,都会觉得有一种“不顺眼”。那么,比较“高级”的陷阱模式是怎样呢?那便是使用“done”的形式了。因为,对于很多动词,过去式和过去分词的形式完全一样,诸如“brought,cost,found”之类,你单从视觉上很难判断这个词到底是不是充当着谓语的成分,也无法形成一种先天的“反差冲击”,自然而然就更容易出错。 那么,霞姐又有什么对策可以很容易对did和done有效的区分呢?我的方法是这样的:·查看你的目标词前面的名词。·分析这个名词是否可以主动发出目标词所对应的“动作”。·如果这个名词可以主动发出“动作”,那么你的目标词就应该扮演着did的角色,是谓语动词。·如果这个名词不可以主动发出,“动作”则是done的作用做修饰语。 举个例子All students believed that Sister Xia was more beautiful than Bingbing.在这里students是人,可以发出believe这个动作,所以believed是一般过去式。Molistudy believed to be the smartest GMAT learning platform in this world. 这里Molistudy是物,物体无法主动发出believe动作,所以believed只能是done的形式做修饰语。 学以致用1Quasars , at billions of light - years from Earth the most distant observable objects in theuniverse , believed to bethe cores of galaxies in an early stage of development . A. believed to beB. are believed to beC. some believe them to beD. some believe they areE. it is believed that they are竖直对比五个选项,发现有的选项用的是谓语动词,有的选项用的是非谓语动词doing或者done,那么该处一定就是考查句子架构完整性,只有谓语动词可以让句子完整,那么正确答案一定是谓语动词。Quasars , at billions of light - years from Earth the most distant observable objects in theuniverse , believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development . A. believed to beB. are believed to beC. some believe them to beD. some believe they areE. it is believed that they are1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案主语之后打逗号因为有修饰语,而第二个逗号后面应该有谓语动词,但是CDE都给出了完整句子而不是谓语。3结论排除CDE Quasars , at billions of light - years from Earth the most distant observable objects in theuniverse , believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development . A. believed to beB. are believed to beC. some believe them to beD. some believe they areE. it is believed that they are1思维标签非谓语动词2解决方案主语Quasars从意思上等价于objects,不能自己发出believed动作所以believed为done的形式,属于修饰语不能做谓语。3结论选B 当然,有同学会担心以上这样的做法太草率,理由是:万一有题目考查非谓语动词的用法,这样判断不就错了么? 这就是一个经验性的问题了:如果考查非谓语动词的用法,GMAC老头绝对不会使用动词作为差异点,来考查非谓语动词,而是喜欢用不同非谓语动词,或非谓语动词和定语从句之类可作修饰语的对象作为差异点来考查。这样的考点我们会在后面专门讲解非谓语动词来强化。 有时,句子完整性的考查不仅会出现在主句中,对于一个完整的从句,也常常考查从句的句子完整性,这对这类问题,我们的处理方法是完全一样的。下面针对这种情况给出一道例题。 学以致用2Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved tothe daytime hours of the 1930s when the evening schedule became crowded with comediansand variety shows . A. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sB. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930sC. were aired first on evening radio in the 1920s , moving to the daytime hours in the 1930sD. were aired first in the evening on 1920s radio , they moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sE. aired on evening radio first in the 1920s , they were moved to the 1930s in the daytime hours 我们用思维标签来看这道题: Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved tothe daytime hours of the 1930s when the evening schedule became crowded with comediansand variety shows . A. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sB. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930sC. were aired first on evening radio in the 1920s , moving to the daytime hours in the 1930sD. were aired first in the evening on 1920s radio , they moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sE. aired on evening radio first in the 1920s , they were moved to the 1930s in the daytime hours1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案C选项moving非谓语动词,导致原文不是句子。D选项moved为done的形式不能做句子的谓语。3结论CD错 这道题较为综合,为进一步排除选项,我们还需要加入考虑句子的时态。Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved tothe daytime hours of the 1930s when the evening schedule became crowded with comediansand variety shows . A. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sB. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930sE. aired on evening radio first in the 1920s , they were moved to the 1930s in the daytime hours1思维标签时态2解决方案move动作并不发生在became之前,所以使用过去完成时态错误。3结论A选项错误 在最后没有两个排除的选项中,我们再次回归到了句子的完整性,只是这次是从句的完整性。Although early soap operaswere first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved tothe daytime hours of the 1930s when the evening schedule became crowded with comediansand variety shows . A. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sB. were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s , they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930sC. were aired first on evening radio in the 1920s , moving to the daytime hours in the 1930sD. were aired first in the evening on 1920s radio , they moved to the daytime hours of the 1930sE. aired on evening radio first in the 1920s , they were moved to the 1930s in the daytime hours1思维标签从句完整性2解决方案aired是done的形式非谓语动词,不能做从句的谓语。3结论E选项错,选B。 在本篇的最后,我们再增加两个例题,通过思维标签的方式强化你对“句子完整性”这一考点的熟练程度。 学以致用3Often visible as smog , ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogenoxides , two major pollutants emitted by automobiles , react with sunlight . A. ozone is formed in the atmosphere fromB. ozone is formed in the atmosphere whenC. ozone is formed in the atmosphere , and whenD. ozone , formed in the atmosphere whenE. ozone , formed in the atmosphere from找选项不同Often visible as smog , ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogenoxides , two major pollutants emitted by automobiles , react with sunlight . A. ozone is formed in the atmosphere fromB. ozone is formed in the atmosphere whenC. ozone is formed in the atmosphere , and whenD. ozone , formed in the atmosphere whenE. ozone , formed in the atmosphere from1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案formed是done的形式,非谓语动词不能做句子谓语。3结论DE选项错。 Often visible as smog , ozone is formed in the atmospherefrom hydrocarbons and nitrogenoxides , two major pollutants emitted by automobiles , react with sunlight . A. ozone is formed in the atmosphere fromB. ozone is formed in the atmosphere whenC. ozone is formed in the atmosphere , and whenD. ozone , formed in the atmosphere whenE. ozone , formed in the atmosphere from1思维标签句子架构2解决方案介词from后面不能接句子,题干中的高亮表明后半部分是句子。3结论AE错 这里要进一步得出答案,我们得依靠一个后续会重点讲解的考点——平行结构Often visible as smog , ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogenoxides , two major pollutants emitted by automobiles , react with sunlight . B. ozone is formed in the atmosphere whenC. ozone is formed in the atmosphere , and when1思维标签平行结构2解决方案and后面是when的从句,而and前面没有同样语法功能的对象平行。3结论C选项错,选B。 学以致用4The Swedish warship Vasa , sunk in 1628 and raised in 1961 , was preserved in the cold waterof Stockholm harbor , where low salinity inhibits the growth of marine borers that in most seasdevour every exposed scrap of a sunken ship's wooden hull . A. was preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , where low salinity inhibitsB. being preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , because the low salinity there is able to inhibitC. and preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , the low salinity there inhibitsD. having been preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , whose low salinity inhibits看选项的不同The Swedish warship Vasa, sunk in 1628 and raised in 1961 , was preserved in the cold waterof Stockholm harbor , where low salinity inhibits the growth of marine borers that in most seasdevour every exposed scrap of a sunken ship's wooden hull . A. was preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , where low salinity inhibitsB. being preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , because the low salinity there is able to inhibitC. and preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , the low salinity there inhibitsD. having been preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor , whose low salinity inhibits1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案主语是The Swedish warship Vasa,插入语之后必须要有谓语动词。3结论BCD错,选A。 本篇结语这一篇我们强调了很多,最后都是回归到“非谓语动词”或“非谓语结构”不能作谓语这个考点上。这一类的SC题目的考查形式往往也特别明显,当你注意到题目选项之间,有的动词是“真正”的动词,而有些动词是“伪装”的动词时,你应该不假思索地排除掉非谓语的选项。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录;三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。