GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“有了上篇的考点讲解作为基础,这篇我们将结合考点和例题更深入地领会平行结构。 考点1both …as well as ... 混搭错误 both …and … 正确 学以致用Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life - forms . A. and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothB. and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both workingC. and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothD. as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both workE. as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both首先,我们就看到了上述提到的both的搭配Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life - forms . A. and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothB. and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both workingC. and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothD. as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both workE. as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both1思维标签搭配2解决方案both…as well as混搭错误。 3结论DE选项错 Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life - forms . A. and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothB. and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both workingC. and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothD. as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both workE. as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both1思维标签平行结构2解决方案both…and要求前后平行 3结论选项BD错。 Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life - forms . A. and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothB. and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both workingC. and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothD. as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both workE. as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案主语是both the complexity and the vastness,所以谓语动词应该使用复数形式。3结论选项BE错 Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life - forms . A. and the vastness of the biosphere , having prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothB. and the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists calling for a large increase in the number of biologists both workingC. and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working bothD. as well as the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who both workE. as well as the vastness of the biosphere has prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists who work both1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案having prompted属于非谓语动词,不能作谓语。3结论选项A错误,选C 考点2Not...But ...结构not … but …是短语时,要求not 后内容和but 后内容平行;但如果不是短语时,只要but 前后平行即可。 那么,你的问题产生了:如何区分not … but …是不是短语? 判断原则就是:就看not 可不可以做句子中谓语动词的否定词,如果not可以是谓语动词的否定词,则not只是在否定谓语, 和but并不是短语的组合。 例如:Molistudy is set up not by Sister Xia, but by her husband Jeff.(not …but … 是短语) 在这个例子里,is set up是谓语,not是by Sister Xia的否定词,所以这里not …but …是短语,要求not后面是什么,but后就要严格与其语法功能一致。 又例如:Molistudy is not set up by Sister Xia, but is set up by her husband Jeff. (not 是前面谓语的否定词,but 前后是不同的谓语动词平行。) 在这个例子里,not是谓语动词的否定词,即“is not set up”合起来是前面句子的谓语,那么这里只要but前后平行即可。 考点也就在这里出现了,那but后面到底跟什么呢?所以 ,这里你要注意is set up by Jeff必须回去跟谓语is not set up平行,共用主语;如果直接跟set up by Sister Xia或者by Sister Xia,则一定错误。 一个有趣的例子My father is not a teacher, but a doctor. 这个句子出现在人教版九年级的英语教材里,霞姐肯定不能说它有问题。 但是我一定要强调的是,在这个句子里,默认not和but是短语,a teacher和a doctor平行,所以语法层面没有错误。 但是如果有人解读成:not 是前面句子谓语的否定词,那么这个句子就要发生变化了——这时候but成为了并列连词,应该前后并列并且保证含义正确。 这个句子就要被写成:My father is not a teacher, but is a doctor. 是不是觉得很神奇?正常人判断以上的两个句子,一个在but后面有is,另一个则没有,这是唯一的区别点,让你有一种“必有一对一错”的感觉。但即使是在严格的语法下,一个句子也可以用不同的方式去理解和解读,从而形成了两种差异特别微小,但在语法层面上都没有错误的句子。 学以致用Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers arenot caused by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach . A. not caused by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , butB. not caused by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , but are byC. caused not by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , but byD. caused not by stress , alcohol , and rich foods , butE. caused not by stress , alcohol , and rich foods , but are by1思维标签平行结构2解决方案AB选项中not是are caused谓语动词的否定词,所以只有but自己是并列连词。这要求but前后要语法作用平行。3结论AB选项错误,but后面的样子必须是are caused byRecently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach . A. not causedby stress , alcohol , or rich foods , butB. not caused by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , but are byC. caused not by stress , alcohol , or rich foods , but byD. caused not by stress , alcohol , and rich foods , butE. caused not by stress , alcohol , and rich foods , but are by1思维标签not...but...2解决方案短语的平行是非常严格的平行,要求not后面是什么,but后就要什么来跟其保证平行。3结论只能是but by,DE选项错误,选C。 考点3我们来谈谈平行的省略。这是一个简单但高频的考点,霞姐决定语言从简。 1不定式/ 情态动词 / 助动词,并列可以省略例如: to do A , to do B , and to do C (正确) to do A , to do B , and do C (错误) to do A , do B , and do C (正确) 判断原则为:是否省略以第二项为标准,如果第二项省略,第三项必须省略,如果第二项没有省略,第三项一定不能省略。 2名词性从句的省略 宾语从句或同位语从句并列的时候,引导词不可以省略,GMAT考试中常考查that 引导的宾语从句和同位语从句的并列。 例如:I know that Jeff loves Sister Xia andthat he never cheats on her.这两个that引导的名词性从句中,并列引导词that不可以省略。 3定语从句引导词的省略 That 引导定语从句,如果两个定语从句的引导词都是充当主语的成分,可以写成Molistudy that is … and does …或 Molistudy that is … and that does … 如果that 在引导的定语从句中一个充当主语,一个充当宾语,那么that 不可以省略。 这里我们看个例子。 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes . A. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comesB. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to comeC. much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comesD. many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to comeE. many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come还是从选项的不同点出发A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes . A. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comesB. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to comeC. much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comesD. many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to comeE. many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come1思维标签主谓一致2解决方案主语是dioxins是复数形式,所以谓语动词应该用复数形式3结论选项AC错误 A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes . A. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comesB. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to comeC. much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comesD. many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to comeE. many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come1思维标签平行结构2解决方案两个that引导的定语从句,第一个that在从句中充当主语成分,第二个that在从句中充当宾语成分,那么第二个that在平行的时候一定不可以省略。3结论D选项错误 最后要得出这道题的答案,还用从“修饰语”的考点切入,后续我们将集中讲解这个问题。A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes . A. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comesB. much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to comeC. much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comesD. many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to comeE. many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come1思维标签修饰语2解决方案dioxins是可数名词,所以只能用many而不能是much3结论ABC错误,选E 4状语从句引导词的省略 状语从句并列,引导词可以省略,但状语从句并列往往不会成为考点,只要出现时你能够看明白就行。 本篇结语平行结构是GMAT语法考查的重中之重,所以我们花了很大的篇幅去讲解它的各种考点,但真正对待平行结构时,你在考试中的“反应力”和“感觉”,是需要通过思维标签反复磨练的。 如果你认为我们在讲解中提供的例题数量太少,希望通过更多带有“思维标签”的例题巩固思维路径这套方法,欢迎去我创办的魔力学院看看,网址是www.molistudy,com,那里有足够你刷题的题库,最棒的是每一道题都被打上了思维标签,还有我们团队里的交互设计师为你打造一个了一个非常棒的在线学习界面。 在本篇的最后,你可以通过以下两个例子,来检测自己是否真正理解了平行结构的“本质”。 例子1the cultivation of crops, the harvest of fish, and the exploiting of resources.(错误) the cultivation of crops, the harvesting of fish, and the exploitation of resources. (正确) · harvest 是具体名词,不可以和抽象名词平行,harvesting才是抽象名词。· exploiting不可以当作抽象名词使用,因为已经存在抽象名词exploitation。 例子2students studying in Molistudy and instructed by Sister Xia doing和done在这里可以平行吗?为什么?当doing , done 出现作名词后置定语时,二者可以平行。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录; 三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。