GMAT繁杂世界,关注一个就够了 导语“非谓语动词,这个名字听起来并不陌生,在之前讲解的【霞姐GMAT】-语法-句子完整性篇中,我提到了非谓语动词,特别强调了非谓语动词不可以单独作谓语。所以,非谓语动词常常和动词放在一起考查句子完整性。 霞姐把非谓语动词单独拿出来讲解,目的就是想要和大家一起看看:非谓语动词的本领有多大,它们到底可以干什么,GMAC老头针对它们又会埋哪些坑。 非谓语动词通常形式有三种:to do;doing;done。我们将分开对它们进行解释。 To do to do 被称为“不定式”,之所以“不定”,是因为它在一个句子中可以充当很多成分,主语,宾语,状语等都可以充当。 例如:To see is to believe.这是一句中国的古话:眼见为实。 回想一下,孔老夫子也曾使用不定式说过:To know is to know. Not to know is not to know. This is knowledge.知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。 可见,中国人对于不定式作主语和宾语的使用是多么娴熟。但是,不定式在GMAT语法中被考查的场景往往不是这样,而是以下的几种情况。 1To do, SVO. 不定式放在句首作状语,为目的状语,考点是主语S是否为目的状语的逻辑主语。 但是,这个考点已经逐渐被GMAT命题人弱化到几乎没有,因为逻辑主语的考点往往还有更多样化的选择。后续我们在讲逻辑主语时也会重点强调这一类问题。 2SVO to do.这种情况下,to do可以是主语的目的状语,同样也可以作宾语的后置定语。这两种情况中任何一种正确都可以。 例如:Sister Xia spent all of her money to support Molistudy.这个句子中to support不定式是主语Sister Xia的目的状语,正确。 GMAT Xia is the best wayto solve GMAT problems.这个句子中的to solve不定式是名词way的后置定语,也正确。 3SVO, to do.首先,要相信这个结论:主谓宾成分的完整句子和不定式之间直接用逗号隔开,这种情况一定错误。但是,你也一定要防止误判,例如,Sister Xia gave us several examples, such as OG 12 and PREP 134,to explain this chapter more clearly. 这个句子中的逗号并不是把SVO和to do隔开的,而是such as这个插入语的逗号,所以这个句子没有任何问题。 但是如果直接说:Sister Xia gave us several examples, to explain this chapter more clearly. 这个就是错的。 学以致用1Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon , a fungus has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through theroots of trees , to become the largest living single organism known to humans. A. has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees , to becomeB. has slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , and so becomingC. that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has becomeD. that has for centuries slowly woven its way through the roots of trees and has becomeE. that , having slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , to become首先,我们就可以发现上文所讲到的SVO,to do必错结构。Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon , a fungus has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through theroots of trees , to become the largest living single organism known to humans. A. has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees , to becomeB. has slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , and so becomingC. that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has becomeD. that has for centuries slowly woven its way through the roots of trees and has becomeE. that , having slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , to become1思维标签非谓语动词2解决方案SVO, to do结构必错。 3结论选项AE错误 Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon , a fungus has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through theroots of trees , to become the largest living single organism known to humans. A. has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees , to becomeB. has slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , and so becomingC. that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has becomeD. that has for centuries slowly woven its way through the roots of trees and has becomeE. that , having slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , to become1思维标签平行结构2解决方案B选项中,and前后无法找到合理的平行对象3结论B选项错误 Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon , a fungushas for centuries been slowly weaving its way through theroots of trees , to become the largest living single organism known to humans. A. has for centuries been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees , to becomeB. has slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , and so becomingC. that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees forcenturies has becomeD. that has for centuries slowly woven its way through the roots of trees and has becomeE. that , having slowly woven its way through the roots of trees for centuries , to become1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案D选项中,that从句为定语从句修饰语,划掉之后句子没有谓语,不完整。E句子没有谓语动词,that从句也没有谓语动词。3结论DE选项错,选C Doing 我们先来看这个结构:SVO doing 这种情况非常简单和常见,doing紧跟名词之后作后置定语,要求名词是动作的发出者。所以,霞姐在这里不会花太多功夫强调这个问题。 然后,我们再来看这个结构:SVO, doing 这个结构是GMAT语法中考察的重点,所以我们要特别说明。首先,当把doing用逗号隔开之后,doing就无法跨越过逗号去修饰就近宾语了。那么,这里的doing到底扮演了怎样的角色?在这里,有两种可能的情况: 1伴随状语doing的动作发出者是句子主语,即doing修饰主语。例:Sister Feng walked into her office, singing a song.这里singing a song就是伴随状语。 那么,伴随状语的考点到底在哪里呢?我们先来看“伴随”这个词,它暗示了句子的动作和doing将同时发生。如果不同时发生,则不可称作伴随状语。 学以致用2Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth toadulthood , are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language. A. Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood , areB. Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years , and areC. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years , and areD. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood ,E. Neuroscientists have amassed , over the past twenty years , a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood ,这道题的题干和划线部分都非常的长,如果你已经有一定“经验”,划线部分较长时,一定会考查句子的完整性。Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth toadulthood , are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language. A. Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood , areB. Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years , and areC. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years , and areD. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood ,E. Neuroscientists have amassed , over the past twenty years , a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood ,1思维标签句子完整性2解决方案名词 neuroscientists 放在句首做主语,逗号中间为插入语,第二个逗号后需要谓语动词,但是BC没有给出合理的谓语。3结论选项BC错 Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth toadulthood , arenow drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language. A. Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood , areB. Neuroscientists , having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years , and areC. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years , and areD. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood ,E. Neuroscientists have amassed , over the past twenty years , a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood ,1思维标签非谓语动词2解决方案SVO, doing. 结构中如果doing动作发出者为句子主语,即为伴随状语。伴随状语要求动作的同时性,即本题中要求drawing动作必须和have amassed必须是同时间伴随发生的动作,但是从文中可以看出两个动作发生时间不一致,have amassed发生在over the past twenty years,而drawing发生的时间为now。3结论DE错,选A 2结果状语doing动作发出者是前面整句话,即,整句话所讲述的,就是事情发生之后所造成的结果。例如Sister Xia taught thousands of students, making her famous.在这个句子里,making是结果状语,霞姐教了成千上万的学生,这件事发生之后导致的结果——霞姐出名了。 那么结果状语的考点一般会怎么设置呢? 结果状语doing的动作发出者是前面整句话,而很多人习惯性的喜欢用which来引导一整句话。 例如:Sister Xia taught thousands of students, which makes her famous. 但很遗憾,这个句子是错的。 学以致用3The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small , previously unseen moons circling Uranus , which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit the distant planet . A. which doublesB. doubling1思维标签定语从句2解决方案Which 定语从句引导词,只能指代名词,不可以指代前面一整句话,所以本题想要强调前面一整件事发生之后导致的结果可以使用SVO, doing结构,doing为结果状语。3结论选B 最后,总结一下:SVO, doing 这种形式, doing要么是伴随状语修饰主语,要么是结果状语修饰整句话,doing绝对不可以跨过逗号修饰宾语。 我们再通过两个例子巩固一下。 学以致用4Changes in sea level are not only a result of changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but of melting glaciers as well .A. are not only a result of changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but of melting glaciers as wellB. not only result from changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also when glaciers meltC. are a result not only of changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also the melting glaciersD. result not only from changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also from the melting of glaciersE. result from not only changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but as well as when glaciers melt首先,看到这里有熟悉的not only,but...短语,会联想到考查平行结构Changes in sea level are not only a result of changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but of melting glaciers as well .A. are not only a result of changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but of melting glaciers as wellB. not only result from changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also when glaciers meltC. are a result not only of changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also the melting glaciersD. result not only from changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also from the melting of glaciersE. result from not only changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but as well as when glaciers melt1思维标签平行结构2解决方案not only… but (also)…结构要求自己前后严格平行,ABC均不满足该条件。not only不能和but as well as搭配。3结论ABCE错 可见,“平行结构”确实是一种“高级”的解决方案,这道题单用这一个知识点就可以直接排除所有错项。虽然我们已经排除了错误选项,但可以看看句子中的另一项错误 Changes in sea level are not only a result of changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but of melting glaciers as well .A. are not only a result of changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but of melting glaciers as wellB. not only result from changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also when glaciers meltC. are a result not only of changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also the melting glaciersD. result not only from changes in water temperature , which affect water density , but also from the melting of glaciersE. result from not only changes in water temperature , affecting water density , but as well as when glaciers melt1思维标签非谓语动词2解决方案SVO, doing. 结构的 doing 不会跨过逗号修饰旁边的名词。3结论选项AE错误 学以致用5 The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air - traffic control system , to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports , and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised. A. to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports , and promptsB. leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting发现这道题混合考查了to do 和 doing The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air - traffic control system , to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports , and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised. A. to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports , and promptsB. leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting1思维标签非谓语动词2解决方案SVO, to do 结构必错,to do表目的时不能直接用逗号隔开。SVO, doing.在本题中属于结果状语,导致了…正确。3结论选B Done 我们先看这个结构:SVO done 这个结构的原始状态是“SVO that be done.”,结构省略了that be。that引导从句就近指代,所以这里省略之后done也是就近修饰的。这种形式理解的难度不高,大家也不会有太多问题。 但是面对这个形式:SVO, done. 大家就开始不确定了,这里的done到底修饰谁呢?有人甚至还认为done修饰的是主语。 其实, SVO, done 结构的原始状态是“SVO, which be done.”在这个结构中省略了which be。Which引导从句是就近修饰的,所以省略之后done依然是就近修饰的。 总结一下,反而会觉得done的形式很简单done在句末,不管是否用逗号隔开,都是就近修饰的。 学以致用6By 1940 , the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national and international speed records , and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be of dangerously experimental design. A. and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beB. earning them at a time that aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beC. earning these at a time where aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew wereD. earned at a time in which aviation was still so new such that many of the planes she flew wereE. earned at a time when aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were这道题混合了对doing和done的辨析By 1940 , the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national and international speed records , and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be of dangerously experimental design. A. and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beB. earning them at a time that aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beC. earning these at a time where aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew wereD. earned at a time in which aviation was still so new such that many of the planes she flew wereE. earned at a time when aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were1思维标签非谓语动词2解决方案SVO, doing. 如果doing动作发出者为句子主语,doing即为伴随状语,伴随状语要求doing和前面句子谓语同时间发生,本题earning和held并非同时间发生动作。3结论BC错 By 1940 , the pilot Jacqueline Cochran held seventeen official national and international speed records , and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to be of dangerously experimental design. A. and she earned them at a time when aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beB. earning them at a time that aviation was still so new for many of the planes she flew to beC. earning these at a time where aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew wereD. earned at a time in which aviation was still so new such that many of the planes she flew wereE. earned at a time when aviation was still so new that many of the planes she flew were1思维标签搭配2解决方案结果状语搭配分两种,一种为so…as to…其中as不可以省略,本题AB省略as不正确。另外一种搭配为so…that…本文D选项使用so…such that…混搭错。3结论ABD错 非谓语动词的内容讲到这里就到此为止了。如果你认为我们在讲解中提供的例题数量太少,希望通过更多带有“思维标签”的例题巩固思维路径这套方法,欢迎去我创办的魔力学院看看,网址是www.molistudy.com,那里有足够你刷题的题库,最棒的是每一道题都被打上了思维标签,还有我们团队里的交互设计师为你打造一个了一个非常棒的在线学习界面。 霞姐GMAT是啥?“霞姐GMAT”是由魔力学院创始人,原新东方GMAT名师张海霞根据自己多年的教学和创业经验整理出的一系列GMAT干货作品。 “霞姐GMAT”是一本书,它虽不能被称为“GMAT”圣经,但它无微不至,试图让更多GMAT的备考者远离繁杂无章的各种学习资料,只用好一本书解决所有的GMAT问题。 “霞姐GMAT”也是一种方法,通往GMAT的成功道路有很多条,但我们希望这条我们倡导的“思维路径”是一条最快,最轻松的道路。 谁是霞姐?张海霞,江湖人称“霞姐”。 从北大学霸到新东方名师,从新东方名师到最美丽的创业者。自2010年起在新东方讲授GMAT语法等课程,强调通过系统的语法学习来全面提升英语的写作、阅读等综合能力。曾创造新东方史上前无古人后无来者的公开课78人全满分记录; 三个月玩虐考研跨考,从北航考入北大,“看透”是快速“突破”的唯一出路。讲课气场强大、逻辑严谨,风趣幽默,自认为已摸透GMAC老头们的出题套路。曾有学员上完课后赞曰“你的课太强大了,我语法肯定可以全对”。